home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Subject: World Wide Web Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
- Newsgroups: comp.infosystems.www,comp.infosystems.wais,comp.infosystems.gopher,comp.infosystems,alt.hypertext,comp.answers,alt.answers,news.answers
- From: boutell@netcom.com (Thomas Boutell)
- Date: 13 May 1994 11:20:10 GMT
-
- Archive-name: www/faq
- Last-modified: 1994/05/09
-
-
- WORLD WIDE WEB FAQ
-
- Contents
-
- * 1: Recent changes to the FAQ
- * 2: Information about this document
- * 3: Elementary Questions
- + 3.1: What are WWW, hypertext and hypermedia?
- + 3.2: What is a URL?
- + 3.3: How can I access the web?
- o 3.3.1: Browsers Accessible by Telnet
- o 3.3.2: Obtaining browsers
- # 3.3.2.1: Microsoft Windows browsers
- # 3.3.2.2: MSDOS browsers
- # 3.3.2.3: Macintosh browsers
- # 3.3.2.4: Amiga browsers
- # 3.3.2.5: NeXTStep browsers
- # 3.3.2.6: XWindows/DecWindows (graphical UNIX, VMS)
- browsers
- # 3.3.2.7: Text-based Unix and VMS browsers
- # 3.3.2.8: Batch-mode "browsers"
- + 3.4: How can I provide information to the web?
- o 3.4.1: Obtaining Servers
- # 3.4.1.1: Unix Servers
- # 3.4.1.2: Macintosh Servers
- # 3.4.1.3: Windows and Windows NT Servers
- # 3.4.1.4: VMS Servers
- o 3.4.2: Producing HTML documents
- # 3.4.2.1: Writing HTML directly
- # 3.4.2.2: HTML editors
- # 3.4.2.3: Converting other formats to HTML
- o 3.4.3: How do I publicize my work?
- + 3.5: How does WWW compare to gopher and WAIS?
- + 3.6: What is on the web?
- + 3.7: I want to know more.
- * 4: Advanced Questions
- + 4.1: How do I set up a clickable image map?
- + 4.2: How do I make a "link" that doesn't load a new page?
- + 4.3: Where can I learn how to create fill-out forms?
- + 4.4: How can I save an inline image to disk?
- + 4.5: How can I get sound from the PC speaker with WinMosaic?
- + 4.6: How do I comment an HTML document?
- + 4.7: How can I create decent-looking tables and stop using
- <PRE>...</PRE>?
- + 4.8: What is HTML+ and where can I learn more about it?
- * 5: Credits
-
- 1: RECENT CHANGES TO THE FAQ
-
- * May 8th, 1994: Missing EMACS HTML-helper-mode URL restored
- * May 8th, 1994: VMS servers added
- * May 8th, 1994: HTML+ information added
- * May 8th, 1994: various FTP site and URL corrections
- * May 8th, 1994: GN Gopher/Web server added
-
- 2: INFORMATION ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
-
- This is an introduction to the World Wide Web project, describing the
- concepts, software and access methods. It is aimed at people who know
- a little about navigating the Internet, but want to know more about
- WWW specifically. If you don't think you are up to this level, try an
- introductory Internet book such as Ed Krol's "The Whole Internet" or
- "Big Dummy's Guide to the Internet". The latter is available
- electronically by anonymous FTP from ftp.eff.org in the directory
- pub/Net_info/Big_Dummy.
-
- This informational document is posted to news.answers,
- comp.infosystems.www, comp.infosystems.gopher, comp.infosystems.wais
- and alt.hypertext every four days (please allow a day or two for it to
- propagate to your site). The latest version is always available on the
- web as <http://siva.cshl.org/~boutell/www_faq.html>. (see the section
- titled "What is a URL?" to understand what this means.)
-
- The most recently posted version of this document is kept on the
- news.answers archive on rtfm.mit.edu in
- /pub/usenet/news.answers/www/faq. For information on FTP, send e-mail
- to _mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu_ with:
-
-
- send usenet/news.answers/finding-sources
-
- in the body (not subject line) of your message, instead of asking me.
-
- Thomas Boutell maintains this document. Feedback about it is to be
- sent via e-mail to boutell@netcom.com.
-
- In all cases, regard this document as out of date. Definitive
- information should be on the web, and static versions such as this
- should be considered unreliable at best. Please excuse any formatting
- inconsistencies in the posted version of this document, as it is
- automatically generated from the on-line version.
-
- 3: ELEMENTARY QUESTIONS
-
- 3.1: What are WWW, hypertext and hypermedia?
-
- WWW stands for "World Wide Web". The WWW project, started by CERN (the
- European Laboratory for Particle Physics), seeks to build a
- distributed hypermedia system.
-
-
-
- The advantage of hypertext is that in a hypertext document, if you
- want more information about a particular subject mentioned, you can
- usually "just click on it" to read further detail. In fact, documents
- can be and often are linked to other documents by completely different
- authors -- much like footnoting, but you can get the referenced
- document instantly!
-
- To access the web, you run a browser program. The browser reads
- documents, and can fetch documents from other sources. Information
- providers set up hypermedia servers which browsers can get documents
- from.
-
- The browsers can, in addition, access files by FTP, NNTP (the Internet
- news protocol), gopher and an ever-increasing range of other methods.
- On top of these, if the server has search capabilities, the browsers
- will permit searches of documents and databases.
-
- The documents that the browsers display are hypertext documents.
- Hypertext is text with pointers to other text. The browsers let you
- deal with the pointers in a transparent way -- select the pointer, and
- you are presented with the text that is pointed to.
-
- Hypermedia is a superset of hypertext -- it is any medium with
- pointers to other media. This means that browsers might not display a
- text file, but might display images or sound or animations.
-
- 3.2: What is a URL?
-
- URL stands for "Uniform Resource Locator". It is a draft standard for
- specifying an object on the Internet, such as a file or newsgroup.
-
- URLs look like this:
- * file://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors/msdos/graphics/gifkit.zip
- * file://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors
- * http://info.cern.ch:80/default.html
- * news:alt.hypertext
- * telnet://dra.com
-
-
-
- The first part of the URL, before the colon, specifies the access
- method. The part of the URL after the colon is interpreted specific to
- the access method. In general, two slashes after the colon indicate a
- machine name (machine:port is also valid).
-
- In this document, you will often see URLs surrounded by angle
- brackets. This is done because some newsreaders (I am told) can
- recognize them and treat them as "buttons". Do not enter the angle
- brackets when entering a URL by hand to your web browser.
-
- When you are told to "check out this URL", what to do next depends on
- your browser; please check the help for your particular browser. For
- the line-mode browser at CERN, which you will quite possibly use first
- via telnet, the command to try a URL is "GO URL" (substitute the
- actual URL of course). In Lynx you just select the "GO" link on the
- first page you see; in graphical browsers, there's usually an "Open
- URL" option in the menus.
-
- 3.3: How can I access the web?
-
- You have two options -- either use a browser that can be telnetted to,
- or use a browser on your machine.
-
- 3.3.1: BROWSERS ACCESSIBLE BY TELNET
-
- An up-to-date list of these is available on the Web as
- http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/FAQ/Bootstrap.html and should be
- regarded as an authoritative list.
-
- info.cern.ch
- No password is required. This is in Switzerland, so continental
- US users might be better off using a closer browser.
-
- ukanaix.cc.ukans.edu
- A full screen browser "Lynx" which requires a vt100 terminal.
- Log in as www.
-
- www.njit.edu
- (or telnet 128.235.163.2) Log in as www. A full-screen browser
- in New Jersey Institute of Technology. USA.
-
- vms.huji.ac.il
- (IP address 128.139.4.3). A dual-language Hebrew/English
- database, with links to the rest of the world. The line mode
- browser, plus extra features. Log in as www. Hebrew University
- of Jerusalem, Israel.
-
- sun.uakom.cs
- Slovakia. Has a slow link, only use from nearby.
-
- info.funet.fi
- (or telnet 128.214.6.102). Log in as www. Working now.
-
- fserv.kfki.hu
- Hungary. Has slow link, use from nearby. Login is as www.
-
- 3.3.2: OBTAINING BROWSERS
-
- The preferred method of access of the Web is to run a browser
- yourself. Browsers are available for many platforms, both in source
- and executable forms. Here is a list generated from the authoritative
- list, http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Clients.html.
-
- 3.3.2.1: Microsoft Windows browsers
-
-
-
- NOTE: These browsers require that you have SLIP, PPP or other TCP/IP
- networking on your PC. SLIP or PPP can be accomplished over phone
- lines, but only with the active cooperation of your network provider
- or educational institution. If you only have normal dialup shell
- access, your best option at this time is to run Lynx on the Unix (or
- VMS, or...) system you call, or telnet to a browser if you cannot do
- so.
-
- Cello Browser from Cornell LII. Available by anonymous FTP from
- ftp.law.cornell.edu in the directory /pub/LII/cello.
-
- Mosaic for Windows From NCSA. Available by anonymous FTP from
- ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the directory PC/Mosaic.
-
- 3.3.2.2: MSDOS browsers
-
-
-
- NOTE: These browsers require that you have SLIP, PPP or other TCP/IP
- networking on your PC. SLIP or PPP can be accomplished over phone
- lines, but only with the active cooperation of your network provider
- or educational institution. If you only have normal dialup shell
- access, your best option at this time is to run Lynx on the Unix (or
- VMS, or...) system you call, or telnet to a browser if you cannot do
- so.
-
- DosLynx
- DosLynx is an excellent text-based browser for use on DOS
- systems. You must have a level 1 packet driver, or an emulation
- thereof, or you will only be able to browse local files;
- essentially, if your PC has an Ethernet connection, or you have
- SLIP, you should be able to use it. DosLynx can view GIF
- images, but not when they are inline images (as of this
- writing). See the README.HTM file at the DosLynx site for
- details. You can obtain DosLynx by anonymous FTP from
- ftp2.cc.ukans.edu in the directory pub/WWW/DosLynx; the URL is
- <ftp://ftp2.cc.ukans.edu/pub/WWW/DosLynx/>.
-
- 3.3.2.3: Macintosh browsers
-
-
-
- NOTE: These browsers require that you have SLIP, PPP or other TCP/IP
- networking on your PC. SLIP or PPP can be accomplished over phone
- lines, but only with the active cooperation of your network provider
- or educational institution. If you only have normal dialup shell
- access, your best option at this time is to run Lynx on the Unix (or
- VMS, or...) system you call, or telnet to a browser if you cannot do
- so.
-
- Mosaic for Macintosh
- From NCSA. Full featured. Available by anonymous FTP from
- ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the directory Mac/Mosaic.
-
- Samba From CERN. Basic. Available by anonymous FTP from info.cern.ch
- in the directory /ftp/pub/www/bin as the file mac.
-
- 3.3.2.4: Amiga browsers
-
- AMosaic
- Browser for AmigaOS, based on NCSA's Mosaic. Supports older
- Amigas as well as the newer machines in the latest versions, I
- am told; available for anonymous ftp from
- max.physics.sunysb.edu in the directory /pub/amosaic, or from
- aminet sites in /pub/aminet/comm/net. see the site for details.
- See the URL
- <http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/AMosaic/home.html>.
-
- 3.3.2.5: NeXTStep browsers
-
-
-
- Note: NeXT systems can also run Xwindows-based browsers using one of
- the widely used X server products for the NeXT. The browsers listed
- here, by contrast, are native NeXTStep applications.
-
- OmniWeb
- A World Wide Web browser for NeXTStep. The URL for more
- information is <http://www.omnigroup.com/>; you can ftp the
- package from ftp.omnigroup.com in the /pub/software/ directory.
-
- CERN's NeXT Browser-Editor
- A browser/editor for NeXTStep. _Currently out of date; editor
- not operational._ Allows wysiwyg hypertext editing. Requires
- NeXTStep 3.0. Available for anonymous FTP from info.cern.ch in
- the directory /pub/www/src.
-
- 3.3.2.6: XWindows/DecWindows (graphical UNIX, VMS) browsers
-
- NCSA Mosaic for X
- Unix browser using X11/Motif. Multimedia magic. Full http 1.0
- support including PUT-method forms, image maps, etc.
- Recommended if you can run it. Available by anonymous FTP from
- ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the directory Mosaic.
-
- NCSA Mosaic for VMS
- Browser using X11/DecWindows/Motif. For the VMS operating
- system. Multimedia magic. Full http 1.0 support including
- PUT-method forms, image maps, etc. Recommended if you can run
- it. Available by anonymous FTP from ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the
- directory Mosaic.
-
- tkWWW Browser/Editor for X11
- Unix Browser/Editor for X11. (Beta test version.) Available for
- anonymous ftp from harbor.ecn.purdue.edu in the directory
- tkwww[extension] (followed by an extension possibly dependent
- on the current version). Please ftp to the site and look for
- the latest version (or use the link above). As of this writing
- tkWWW is at verison 0.11. Supports WSYIWYG HTML editing.
-
- MidasWWW Browser
- A Unix/Xwindows browser from Tony Johnson. (Beta, works well.)
-
- Viola for X (Beta)
- Two versions for Unix/Xwindows: one using Motif, one using Xlib
- (no Motif). Handles HTML+ forms and tables. Has extensions for
- multiple columning, collapsible/expandable list, client-side
- document include. Available by anonymous FTP from ora.com in
- /pub/www/viola. More information available at the URL
- <http://xcf.berkeley.edu/ht/projects/viola/README>.
-
- Chimera
- Unix/Xwindows Browser using Athena (doesn't require Motif).
- Supports forms, inline images, etc.; closest to Mosaic in feel
- of the non-Motif X11 browsers. Available for anonymous FTP from
- ftp.cs.unlv.edu in the directory /pub/chimera.
-
- 3.3.2.7: Text-mode Unix and VMS browsers
-
-
-
- These are text-based browsers for Unix (and in some cases also VMS)
- systems. In many cases your system administrator will have already
- installed one or more of these packages; check before compiling your
- own copy.
-
- Line Mode Browser
- This program gives W3 readership to anyone with a dumb
- terminal. A general purpose information retrieval tool.
- Available by anonymous ftp from info.cern.ch in the directory
- /pub/www/src.
-
- The "Lynx" full screen browser
- This is a hypertext browser for vt100s using full screen, arrow
- keys, highlighting, etc. Available by anonymous FTP from
- ftp2.cc.ukans.edu.
-
- Tom Fine's perlWWW
- A tty-based browser written in perl. Available by anonymous FTP
- from archive.cis.ohio-state.edu in the directory pub/w3browser
- as the file w3browser-0.1.shar.
-
- For VMS
- Dudu Rashty's full screen client based on VMS's SMG screen
- management routines. Available by anonymous FTP from
- vms.huji.ac.il in the directory www/www_client.
-
- Emacs w3-mode
- W3 browse mode for emacs. Uses multiple fonts when used with
- Lemacs or Epoch. See the documentation. Available by anonymous
- FTP from moose.cs.indiana.edu in the directory pub/elisp/w3 as
- the files w3.tar.Z and extras.tar.Z.
-
- 3.3.2.8: Batch-Mode "Browsers"
-
- Batch mode browser
- A batch-mode "browser", url_get, which is available through the
- URL <http://wwwhost.cc.utexas.edu/test/zippy/url_get.html>. (I
- am not aware of an anonymous FTP site for the same package at
- present.) This package is intended for use in cron jobs and
- other settings in which fetching a page in a command-line
- fashion is useful.
-
- 3.4: How can I provide information to the web?
-
- Information providers run programs that the browsers can obtain
- hypertext from. These programs can either be WWW servers that
- understand the HyperText Transfer Protocol HTTP (best if you are
- creating your information database from scratch), "gateway" programs
- that convert an existing information format to hypertext, or a
- non-HTTP server that WWW browsers can access -- anonymous FTP or
- gopher, for example.
-
- To learn more about World Wide Web servers, you can consult a www
- server primer by Nathan Torkington, available at the URL
- <http://www.vuw.ac.nz/who/Nathan.Torkington/ideas/www-servers.html>.
-
- If you only want to provide information to local users, placing your
- information in local files is also an option. This means, however,
- that there can be no off-machine access.
-
- 3.4.1: OBTAINING SERVERS
-
- Servers are available for Unix, Macintosh, MS Windows, and VMS
- systems. If you know of a server for another operating system, please
- contact me.
-
- See <http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Daemon/Overview.html> for more
- information on writing servers and gateways in general.
-
- 3.4.1.1: Unix Servers
-
- NCSA httpd
- NCSA has released a server, known as the NCSA httpd; it is
- available at the URL <ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/pub/web/>.
-
- CERN httpd
- CERN's server is available for anonymous FTP from info.cern.ch
- (URL is <ftp://info.cern.ch/>) and many other places. Use your
- local copy of archie to search for "www" in order to find a
- nearby site.
-
- GN Gopher/HTTP server
- The GN server is unique in that it can serve both WWW and
- Gopher clients (in their native modes). This is a good server
- for those migrating from Gopher to WWW, although it does not
- have the server-side-script capabilities of the NCSA and CERN
- servers. See the URL <http://hopf.math.nwu.edu/>.
-
- Perl server
- There is also a server written in the Perl scripting language,
- called Plexus, for which documentation is available at the URL
- <http://bsdi.com/server/doc/plexus.html>.
-
- 3.4.1.2: Macintosh Servers
-
- There is a server for the Macintosh, MacHTTP, available at the URL
- <http://www.uth.tmc.edu/mac_info/machttp_info.html>.
-
- 3.4.1.3: MS Windows and Windows NT Servers
-
- HTTPS (Windows NT)
- HTTPS is a server for Windows NT systems, both Intel and Alpha
- -- based. It is available via anonymous FTP from emwac.ed.ac.uk
- in the directory pub/https (URL is
- <ftp://emwac.ed.ac.uk/pub/https>). (Be sure to download the
- version appropriate to your processor.) You can read a detailed
- announcement at the FTP site, or by using the URL
- <ftp://emwac.ed.ac.uk/pub/https/https.txt>.
-
- NCSA httpd for Windows
- The NCSA httpd for Windows has most of the features of the Unix
- version, including scripts (which generate pages on the fly
- based on user input). It is available by anonymous FTP from
- ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the Web/ncsa_httpd/contrib directory as
- the file whtp11a6.zip, or at the URL
- <ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Web/ncsa_httpd/contrib/whtp11a6.zip>.
-
- SerWeb
- A simple, effective server for Windows writtten by Gustavo
- Estrella. Available by anonymous ftp from
- winftp.cica.indiana.edu (or one of its mirror sites, such as
- nic.switch.ch), as the file serweb03.zip, in the directory
- /pub/pc/win3/winsock.
-
- 3.4.1.4: VMS Servers
-
- CERN HTTP for VMS
- A port of the CERN server to VMS. Available at the URL
- <http://delonline.cern.ch/disk$user/duns/doc/vms/distribution.h
- tml>.
-
- Region 6 Threaded HTTP Server
- A native VMS server which uses DECthreads(tm). This is a
- potentially major performance advantage because VMS has a high
- overhead for each process, which is a problem for the
- frequently-forking NCSA and CERN servers that began life under
- Unix. A multithreaded server avoids this overhead. Available at
- the URL
- <http://kcgl1.eng.ohio-state.edu/www/doc/serverinfo.html>.
-
- 3.4.2: PRODUCING HTML DOCUMENTS
-
- HTML is the simple markup system used to create hypertext documents.
- There are three ways to produce HTML documents: writing them
- yourself, which is not a very difficult skill to acquire, using
- an HTML editor, which assists in doing the above, and
- converting documents in other formats to HTML. The following
- three sections cover these possibilities in sequence.
-
- 3.4.2.1: Writing HTML documents yourself
-
- You can write an HTML document with any text editor. Try the "source"
- button of of your browser to look at the HTML for a page you
- find particularly interesting. The odds are that it will be a
- great deal simpler than you would expect. If you're used to
- marking up text in any way (even red-pencilling it), HTML
- should be rather intuitive.
-
- A beginner's guide to HTML is available at the URL
- <http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLPrimer.html>
- .
-
- There is also an HTML primer by Nathan Torkington at the URL
- <http://www.vuw.ac.nz/who/Nathan.Torkington/ideas/www-html.html
- >.
-
- 3.4.2.2: HTML editors
-
- Of course, most folks would still prefer to use a friendlier,
- graphical editor. Some editors are WYSIWYG (What You See Is
- What You Get), or close to it; others simply assist you in
- writing HTML by plugging in the desired markup tags for you
- from a menu.
-
- Fans of the EMACS editor can use EMACS and <A
- HREF="http://www.reed.edu/~nelson/tools/> html-helper-mode , an
- EMACS "mode" for HTML editing (URL is
- <ftp://www.reed.edu/~nelson/tools/>).
-
- There is also another Emacs HTML mode, html-mode.el (URL is
- <ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Web/elisp/html-mode.el>).
-
- For Microsoft Windows users, there is an editor called HTML
- Assistant with features to assist in the creation of HTML
- documents. It can be had by anonymous FTP from ftp.cs.dal.ca in
- the directory /htmlasst/. Read the README.1ST file in this
- directory for information on which files to download.
-
- For Xwindows users, TkWWW (listed above under XWindows
- browsers) supports WYSIWYG HTML editing; and since it's a
- browser, you can try out links immediately after creating them.
-
-
- For Macintosh users, the BBEdit HTML extensions allow the
- BBEdit and BBEdit Lite text editors for the Macintosh to
- conveniently edit HTML documents. (URL is
- <http://www.uji.es/bbedit-html-extensions.html>.) You can also
- obtain the extensions package by anonymous ftp from
- sumex-aim.stanford.edu as info-mac/bbedit-html-ext-b3.hqx.
-
- NCSA's List of Filters and Editors, for which the URL is
- <http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/faq-software
- .html#editors>, mentions several editors, including two for MS
- Windows.
-
- Note that this URL contains uppercase and lowercase letters;
- certain _ BROKEN_ browsers (apparently including Lynx for VMS)
- will require that you open it directly, entering the URL in
- quotation marks.
-
- Another option, if you have an SGML editor, is to use it with
- the HTML DTD .
-
- 3.4.2.3: Converting other formats to HTML
-
- There is a collection of filters for converting your existing
- documents (in TeX and other non-HTML formats) into HTML
- automatically, including filters that can allow more or less
- WYSIWYG editing using various word processors:
-
- Rich Brandwein and Mike Sendall's List at CERN. The URL is
- <http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Tools/Filters.html>.
-
- Note that this URL contains uppercase and lowercase letters;
- certain _ BROKEN_ browsers (apparently including Lynx for VMS)
- will require that you open it directly, entering the URL in
- quotation marks.
-
- 3.4.3: HOW DO I PUBLICIZE MY WORK?
-
- There are several things you can do to publicize your new HTML server
- or other offering:
-
- * Submit it to the NCSA What's New Page at the URL
- <http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/whats-new.html>
- (see the page for details on how to submit your listing!).
- * Post it to the newsgroup comp.infosystems.announce. Please read
- the group first to get a feel for the contents. You can also
- crosspost to comp.infosystems.www.
- * Submit it to the maintainers of various catalogs, such as the WWW
- Virtual Library at the URL
- <http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/DataSources/bySubject/Overview.html
- >.
-
- 3.5: How does WWW compare to gopher and WAIS?
-
- While all three of these information presentation systems are
- client-server based, they differ in terms of their model of
- data. In gopher, data is either a menu, a document, an index or
- a telnet connection. In WAIS, everything is an index and
- everything that is returned from the index is a document. In
- WWW, everything is a (possibly) hypertext document which may be
- searchable.
-
- In practice, this means that WWW can represent the gopher (a
- menu is a list of links, a gopher document is a hypertext
- document without links, searches are the same, telnet sessions
- are the same) and WAIS (a WAIS index is a searchable page,
- returning a document with no links) data models as well as
- providing extra functionality.
-
- Gopher and World Wide Web usage are now running neck and neck,
- according to the statistics-keepers of the Internet backbone.
- (Of course, World Wide Web browsers can also access Gopher
- servers, which inflates the numbers for the latter.) This is
- changing as WWW reaches critical mass (usage of the server at
- CERN doubles every 4 months -- twice the rate of Internet
- expansion).
-
- 3.6: What is on the web?
-
- Currently accessible through the web:
-
- * anything served through gopher
- * anything served through WAIS
- * anything on an FTP site
- * anything on Usenet
- * anything accessible through telnet
- * anything in hytelnet
- * anything in hyper-g
- * anything in techinfo
- * anything in texinfo
- * anything in the form of man pages
- * sundry hypertext documents
-
-
-
- One of the few limitations of the current networked information
- systems is that there is no simple way to find out what has
- changed, what is new, or even what is out there. As a result, a
- definitive list of the web's contents is impossible at this
- moment. There are, however, several resources which provide a
- great deal of information on new and established servers by
- topic. These are just two:
-
- * The WWW Virtual Library at the URL
- <http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/DataSources/bySubject/Overview.html
- >, a good place to find resources on a particular subject
- * What's New With NCSA Mosaic at the URL
- <http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/whats-new.html>
- , which carries announcements of new servers on the web
-
- 3.7: I want to know more
-
-
-
- To find out more, use the web. This FAQ hopefully provides
- enough information for you to locate and install a browser on
- your system. If you have system specific questions regarding
- FTP, networking and the like, please consult newsgroups
- relevant to your particular hardware and operating system!
-
- Later you may return to this FAQ for answers to some of the
- advanced questions covered in the second section. The advanced
- section contains the most-asked technical questions in the
- group.
-
- Once you're up and running, you may wish to consult the World
- Wide Web Primer by Nathan Torkington. It is available at the
- URL
- <http://www.vuw.ac.nz/who/Nathan.Torkington/ideas/www-primer.ht
- ml>.
-
- 4: ADVANCED QUESTIONS
-
- 4.1: How do I set up a clickable image map?
-
-
-
- There are really two issues here: how to indicate in HTML that
- you want an image to be clickable, and how to configure your
- server to do something with the clicks returned by Mosaic,
- Chimera, and other clients capable of delivering them.
-
- You can read about image maps and the NCSA server at the URL
- <http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/docs/setup/admin/Imagemap.html>.
-
- 4.2: How do I make a "link" that doesn't load a new page?
-
-
-
- Such links are useful when a form is intended to perform some
- action on the server machine without sending new information to
- the client, or when a user has clicked in an undefined area in
- an image map; these are just two possibilities.
-
- Rob McCool of NCSA provided the following wisdom on the
- subject:
-
-
- Yechezkal-Shimon Gutfreund (sg04@gte.com) wrote:
- : Ok, here is another bizzare request from me:
-
- : I am currently running scripts which I "DO NOT" want to return
- : any visible result. That is, not text/plain, not text/HTML, not
- : image/gif. The entire results are the side effects of the
- : script and nothing should be returned to the viewer.
-
- : It would be nice to have an internally supported null viewer
- : so that I could do this, more "cleanly" (ok, ok, I hear your groans).
-
-
-
- HTTP now supports a response code of 204, which is no
- operation. Some browsers such as Mosaic/X 2.* support it. To
- use it, make your script a nph script and output an HTTP/1.0
- 204 header. Something like:
-
- HTTP/1.0 204 No response Server: Myscript/NCSA httpd 1.1
-
- (You can learn more about nph scripts from the NCSA server
- documentation at the URL <http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/docs>.)
- Essentially they are scripts that handle their own HTTP
- response codes.
-
- 4.3: Where can I learn how to create fill-out forms?
-
- You can read about the Common Gateway Interface at the URL
- <http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu:80/cgi/>. In addition to
- documenting the standard interface for which scripts can now be
- written for both NCSA and CERN-derived servers, these pages
- also cover HTML forms and how to handle the results on the
- server side.
-
- 4.4: How can I save an inline image to disk?
-
-
-
- Here are two ways:
-
- 1. Turn on "load to local disk" in your browser, if it has such
- an option; then reload images. You'll be prompted for filenames
- instead of seeing them on the screen. Be sure to shut it off
- when you're done with it.
-
- 2. Choose "view source" and browse through the HTML source;
- find the URL for the inline image of interest to you; copy and
- paste it into the "Open URL" window. This should load it into
- your image viewer instead, where you can save it and otherwise
- muck about with it.
-
- 4.5: How can I get sound from the PC speaker with WinMosaic?
-
-
-
- This piece of wisdom donated by Hunter Monroe:
-
- This section explains how to install sound on a PC which
- already has a working version of Mosaic for Microsoft Windows.
- Be warned in advance that the results may be poor.
-
- To get Mosaic to produce sound out of the PC speaker, first,
- you need a driver for the speaker. You can get the Microsoft
- speaker driver from the URL
- <ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SPEAK.EXE> or by
- doing an Archie search to find it somewhere else. SPEAK.EXE is
- a self-extracting file. Copy the speak.exe file to a new
- directory, and then type "SPEAK" at the DOS prompt. Do not put
- the file SPEAKER.DRV in a separate directory from OEMSETUP.INF.
-
-
- Now, you need to install the driver. In Windows, from the
- Program Manager choose successively Main/Control
- Panel/Drivers/Add/Unlisted or updated drivers/(enter path of
- SPEAK.EXE)/PC Speaker. At this point some strange sounds come
- out as the driver is initialized. Change the settings to
- improve the sound quality on the various sounds: tada, chimes,
- etc. Click OK when you are finished and choose the Restart
- windows option.
-
- Having installed the speaker driver, you will now get sounds
- whenever you start Windows, make a mistake, or exit Windows. If
- you do not want this, from the Main/Control Panel/Sounds menu,
- make sure there is no X next to "Enable System Sounds."
-
- Now, you need a sound viewer program that Mosaic can call to
- display sounds. NCSA unfortunately recommend WHAM, which does
- not work well with a PC speaker. Get the program WPLANY
- instead. You can find a copy nearby with an Archie search on
- the string "wplny"; the current version is WPLNY09B.ZIP. For
- details on archie and other basic issues related to FTP, please
- read the Usenet newsgroup news.announce.newusers.
-
- Move the zip file to a new directory, and use an unzip program
- like pkunzip to unzip it, producing the files WPLANY.EXE and
- WPLANY.DOC. Then edit the MOSAIC.INI file to remove the "REM"
- before the line "TYPE9=audio/basic". Then, you need lines in
- the section below that read something like:
- audio/basic="c:\wplany\wplany.exe %ls"
- audio/wav="c:\wplany\wplany.exe %ls" where you have filled in
- the correct path for wplany.exe. The MOSAIC.INI file delivered
- with Mosaic may have NOTEPAD.EXE on the audio/basic line, but
- this will not work. Now, restart Mosaic, and you should now be
- able to produce sounds. To check this, with Mosaic choose
- File/Local File/\WINDOWS\*.WAV and then try to play TADA.WAV.
- Then, you might try the Mosaic Demo document for some .AU
- sounds, but you are lucky if your speaker produces something
- you can understand.
-
- 4.6: How do I comment an HTML document?
-
-
-
- Use the <!-- tag at the beginning of EACH line commented out;
- close this for EACH line with the --> tag. Note that comments
- do not nest, and the sequence "--" may not appear inside a
- comment except as part of the closing --> tag.
-
- You should _not_ try to use this to "comment out" HTML that
- would otherwise be shown to the user, since some browsers
- (notably Mosaic) will still pay attention to tags inside the
- comment and close it prematurely.
-
- _Thanks to Joe English for clearing up this issue._
-
- 4.7: How can I create decent-looking tables and stop using <PRE>... </PRE>?
-
- Tables are a standard feature in HTML+, a forthcoming superset of
- HTML. Unfortunately, they are at present implemented only by
- the Viola and Emacs-W3 browsers, to my knowledge.
-
- _However_, there is a way to use HTML+ tables now and convert
- them automatically to HTML, allowing you to design proper
- tables and install those pages directly when table support
- arrives in the majority of clients. You can do this using the
- html+tables package, by Brooks Cutter (bcutter@paradyne.com),
- which is available for anonymous ftp from sunsite.unc.edu in
- the directory
- pub/packages/infosystems/WWW/tools/html+tables.shar. This
- package requires the shell language Perl, which is primarily
- used on Unix systems but is also available for other systems
- (such as MSDOS machines). html+tables accepts HTML+ and outputs
- html using the <PRE>...</PRE> construct to represent tables,
- allowing you to write HTML+ now, knowing that it will look
- better when clients are ready for it.
-
- 4.8: What is HTML+ and where can I learn more about it?
-
- HTML+ is a superset of HTML designed to address some of the
- limitations of HTML. HTML+ supports true tables,
- right-justified text, centered text, line breaks that do not
- double space, and many other desired features.
-
- However, most clients support only a handful of HTML+ features
- (such as forms in Mosaic) at this time.
-
- To learn more about HTML+, you can examine the ascii text of a
- draft specification for it at the URL
- <ftp://ds.internic.net/internet-drafts/draft-raggett-www-html-0
- 0.txt> or a Postscript version of the same at the URL
- <frp://ds.internic.net/internet-drafts/draft-raggett-www-html-0
- 0.ps>.
-
- 5: CREDITS
-
- * Thomas Boutell _boutell@netcom.com_
- * Nathan Torkington _Nathan.Torkington@vuw.ac.nz_
- * Marc Andreessen _marca@ncsa.uiuc.edu_
- * Tony Johnson
-
-